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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures
06:43

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Published on: July 18, 2014

10.1K

Sub-100 mA/cm

Jintao Fu1, Shahryar Mooraj2, Alexander K Ng1

  • 1Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a hierarchical porous gold electrocatalyst for efficient carbon dioxide reduction. This new catalyst achieves high reduction rates, but selectivity remains a challenge, highlighting the need for further optimization in electrocatalyst design.

Keywords:
additive manufacturingcarbon dioxide reductiondealloyingdirect ink writinghierarchical porous electrocatalystnanoporous gold

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to carbon monoxide (CO) are crucial for sustainable chemical synthesis.
  • Current research prioritizes selectivity, but high reduction rates are vital for practical applications, necessitating improved mass transport.
  • Nanostructured gold (Au) shows high CO2-to-CO selectivity but suffers from low current densities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a robust hierarchical porous gold electrocatalyst with enhanced mass transport for high CO2-to-CO reduction current densities.
  • To investigate the interplay between catalyst architecture, mass transport, selectivity, and reduction rate.
  • To provide insights for scaling up CO2 reduction electrocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of hierarchical porous gold electrocatalysts using direct ink writing and dealloying.
  • Electrochemical evaluation in an H-cell configuration to measure current density and selectivity.
  • Analysis of the influence of catalyst bulk dimension on performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high CO2-to-CO reduction current densities of 64.9 mA/cm2 with a CO partial current density of 33.8 mA/cm2 at 0.55 V overpotential.
  • Observed a relatively low selectivity of 52%, indicating that mass transport limitations persist.
  • Demonstrated that the electrocatalyst's bulk dimension critically influences the balance between selectivity and reduction rate.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical porous gold electrocatalysts can significantly enhance CO2 reduction rates compared to conventional nanostructured catalysts.
  • Mass transport remains a critical factor limiting performance, even with advanced hierarchical architectures.
  • Optimizing the bulk dimensions of electrocatalysts is essential for maximizing both selectivity and reduction rate in CO2 reduction applications.