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Challenges in the treatment and prevention of monkeypox infection; A comprehensive review
Jennifer Nyame1, Saranya Punniyakotti2, Kanav Khera3
1Lovely Institute of Technology, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India.
Abstract:
Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a zoonotic disease, literally meaning that it can be passed on from animals (non-primate) to human (primate). All the reported and recorded cases have been traced back either to international travel or import of African animals. In the Unites states, sporadic monkeypox cases have been reported in specific over the past 50 years, starting its first identification in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.) in 1970. Due to its extreme versatility, this disease poses threat as a serious public health issue that needs to be monitored, researched and prevented. Data indicate that prior immunization with the smallpox vaccine is beneficial and may provide protection against the monkeypox virus. JYNNEOSTM is a live viral vaccine that has been approved to improve clinical manifestations of the infection. On the other hand, public ignorance about safety precaution towards monkeypox post-COVID is another challenge that needs to be overcome in tackling HMPX as a possible re-emergent infection. This review is a collation of the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical features and treatment of human monkeypox (HMPX).
Insights
Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. Vaccination and public awareness are key to preventing its re-emergence.
Area of Science:
- Zoonotic diseases
- Infectious disease epidemiology
- Public health
Background:
- Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a zoonotic viral disease with a history of sporadic cases globally.
- Transmission is linked to animal imports and international travel, posing a public health concern.
- Previous smallpox vaccination may offer protection, but public awareness of precautions is low.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical features, and treatment of human monkeypox.
- To highlight HMPX as a re-emergent infectious disease requiring monitoring and prevention strategies.
Main Methods:
- This review synthesizes existing data on human monkeypox.
- Information was collated from reported cases, epidemiological studies, and clinical observations.
Main Results:
- Human monkeypox (HMPX) cases are primarily linked to animal trade and travel.
- Smallpox vaccination demonstrates protective benefits against monkeypox.
- JYNNEOS is an approved vaccine for improving clinical outcomes.
- Public knowledge gaps regarding HMPX prevention persist, especially post-COVID-19.
Conclusions:
- Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a significant public health threat requiring ongoing surveillance and research.
- Vaccination and enhanced public health education are crucial for controlling HMPX outbreaks.
- Addressing public ignorance about safety measures is vital to prevent re-emergence.
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