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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

27.1K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
27.1K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.4K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.4K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.5K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.5K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.6K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
3.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.2K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.2K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.3K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.3K

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Tuning Catalyst Selectivity for Ammonia

C Felipe Garibello1, Alexandr N Simonov2, Shery L Y Chang3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.

Inorganic Chemistry
|June 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molybdenum (Mo) coprecipitates with iron sulfides, forming distinct materials based on stoichiometry. Approximately 10% Mo optimizes ammonium production from nitrite while minimizing hydrogen gas formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinorganic chemistry
  • Catalysis research
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Iron sulfides are crucial in metalloprotein catalysis, notably in nitrogenase enzymes.
  • The incorporation of secondary metals like molybdenum (Mo) in iron-sulfide clusters offers insights into enzyme evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coprecipitation of molybdenum with iron sulfides.
  • To evaluate the catalytic activity of these Mo-Fe-S materials in reduction reactions.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to characterize the synthesized Mo-Fe-S materials.
  • The materials were tested as catalysts and direct reductants using nitrite (NO2-) and protons (H+) as substrates.

Main Results:

  • Molybdenum coprecipitates with iron sulfides, forming distinct structures dependent on the molar ratios of Mo, Fe, and sulfide (HS-).
  • The selectivity of reduction products is influenced by molybdenum content.
  • Approximately 10% Mo content was found to optimize ammonium/ammonia (NH4+/NH3) production from NO2- and suppress hydrogen (H2) formation from H+.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates controlled synthesis of Mo-Fe-S materials with tunable catalytic properties.
  • Optimized Mo content in iron sulfide catalysts enhances selectivity for desired reduction products, relevant for understanding metalloenzyme function and developing new catalysts.