Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Multimodal subspace independent vector analysis effectively captures latent relationships between brain structure and function.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026

Same author

High-resolution MRI evidence for age- and sex-related changes in hippocampal subfield volume during healthy aging.

GeroScience·2026

Same author

Spatiotemporal Decoding of Explore-Exploit Decisions in the Human Brain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Large-scale brain dynamics are organized by a directional coordination hierarchy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Structure-function coupling of large-scale cortical networks across the lifespan is spectrally specific.

Communications biology·2026

Same author

Modeling Complex Effects and Individual Variability in Multi-Paradigm fMRI with Nonlinear Mixed Models.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Developmental differences in functional organization of multispectral networks.

Nathan M Petro^1,2, Giorgia Picci^1,2,3, Christine M Embury^1,2

¹Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|June 6, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain connectivity in youth (9-15 years) becomes more segregated with age, particularly in delta and alpha frequency bands, as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG). This developmental shift impacts limbic and cognitive networks.

Keywords:

adolescence connectivity magnetoencephalography oscillation resting state spontaneous

More Related Videos

Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color

Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color

Published on: November 14, 2011

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 27, 2025

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color

Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color

Published on: November 14, 2011

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Neuroscience
Brain Imaging

Background:

Resting-state brain connectivity assessment is crucial for understanding developmental changes in functional brain organization.
Previous research, primarily using fMRI, indicates a shift from local to distributed processing during development.
Multispectral functional connectivity using magnetoencephalography (MEG) remains less characterized in this context.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate developmental changes in multispectral functional connectivity using MEG during rest in typically developing youth.
To characterize age-related alterations in brain network organization across different frequency bands.

Main Methods:

Examined spontaneous cortical activity during eyes-closed rest in 101 typically developing youth (9-15 years) using MEG.
Computed multispectral MEG images and estimated functional connectivity using the imaginary part of the phase coherence between 200 brain regions (Schaefer cortical atlas).
Analyzed connectivity in delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands.

Main Results:

Delta and alpha connectivity matrices showed increased community structure with age.
Connectivity weights generally decreased with age across both delta and alpha bands.
Delta band differences were associated with limbic cortical regions; alpha band differences involved attention and cognitive networks.

Conclusions:

Brain functional organization becomes more segregated during development in youth, consistent with prior research.
Developmental changes in brain connectivity exhibit spectral specificity across canonical brain networks.
MEG-based multispectral analysis provides valuable insights into neurodevelopmental changes in brain organization.