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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Structures of Solids02:22

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Local atomic structure studies of Zr

Jingfeng Zhao1,2, Yuhang Chen1, Chucheng Shao1

  • 1School of Automotive Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, People's Republic of China.

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Molecular dynamics simulations show that Zr55Cu35Al10 alloy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Understanding the structural evolution of amorphous alloys near the glass transition temperature (Tg) is crucial for predicting their mechanical properties.
  • Zirconium-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) exhibit unique properties but their behavior around Tg requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural changes in Zr55Cu35Al10 alloy around the glass transition temperature (Tg).
  • To elucidate the relationship between structural evolution and the dramatic changes in mechanical properties (strength and plasticity).

Main Methods:

  • Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to model the Zr55Cu35Al10 alloy.
  • The simulations focused on analyzing atomic bond behavior and free volume evolution as temperature approached Tg.

Main Results:

  • Atomic bonds in interconnecting zones (i-zones) loosened with minimal energy absorption as temperature neared Tg.
  • The formation of free volume networks led to the separation of clusters.
  • The solid amorphous structure transformed into a supercooled liquid state.

Conclusions:

  • The transition to a supercooled liquid state is driven by the formation of free volume networks, replacing i-zones.
  • This structural transformation results in a significant decrease in strength and a transition from limited plastic deformation to superplasticity.