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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Determination, induction and pattern formation in early amphibian embryos.

Heinz Tiedemann1, Makoto Asashima2, Jochen Born1

  • 1Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|June 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Key developmental factors, including extracellular matrix and signaling pathways, orchestrate pattern formation and neural induction. Gene regulation and early polarities are crucial for embryonic development, with TGF-β superfamily factors guiding germ layer specification.

Keywords:
early embryogenesisgene expressionmesoderm determinationmorphogenesisneural induction

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pattern formation and neural induction are fundamental processes in early embryonic development.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing these processes is crucial for developmental biology.
  • Early embryonic development involves the establishment of body axes and germ layer specification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate interactions of factors involved in pattern formation and neural induction.
  • To investigate the roles of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and genes in early developmental decisions.
  • To identify key molecules, such as TGF-β superfamily factors, that determine embryonic polarities and germ layer fates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene activation and repression mechanisms.
  • Investigation of extracellular matrix components and their roles.
  • Characterization of signaling pathways, including the TGF-β superfamily.
  • Partial purification of neural inducing factors.

Main Results:

  • Identified interactions between extracellular matrix, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and genes in pattern formation.
  • Demonstrated that animal-vegetal and dorso-ventral polarities are established early in development.
  • Showcased the role of graded TGF-β superfamily factors in specifying endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
  • Highlighted the dependence of mesoderm differentiation on animal ectoderm.

Conclusions:

  • A complex interplay of molecular factors governs pattern formation and neural induction.
  • Early established polarities and germ layer specification are directed by specific signaling molecules.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize neural inducing factors and their mechanisms.