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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo
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Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

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Vertical versus planar induction in amphibian early development.

P D Nieuwkoop1, K Koster1

  • 1Hubrecht Laboratory, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|June 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Neural induction in Xenopus embryos differs from Urodeles due to their double-layered structure. Prechordal mesoderm initiates vertical neural induction before archenteron invagination, unlike Urodele embryos.

Keywords:
UrodelesXenopusneural induction

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Embryology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Urodele embryos exhibit vertical neural induction by the archenteron roof, involving activation and transformation processes with regional intensity variations.
  • Xenopus embryos possess a double-layered structure, leading to distinct mesodermal involution and neural induction timing compared to Urodeles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of neural induction in Xenopus embryos.
  • To compare neural induction processes between Xenopus and Urodele embryos.
  • To elucidate the role of the double-layered embryonic structure in Xenopus neural development.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of neural induction in normal and experimentally manipulated Xenopus embryos (incomplete and total exogastrulae).
  • Comparison of Xenopus neural induction with known mechanisms in Urodele embryos.
  • Analysis of mesodermal involution and its timing relative to neural induction.

Main Results:

  • In Xenopus, prechordal mesoderm induces the neural plate vertically at early stages (10-10+), prior to archenteron invagination.
  • Planar neural induction is observed in Xenopus exogastrulae and Keller explants, primarily for the transforming action.
  • Normal Xenopus nervous system development relies on vertical induction by involuting prechordal and notochordal mesoderm.

Conclusions:

  • The double-layered nature of Xenopus embryos is key to their distinct neural induction processes.
  • Vertical induction by mesoderm is the primary driver of nervous system formation in Xenopus.
  • Differences in embryonic structure explain the divergent neural induction strategies between Xenopus and Urodeles.