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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: July 4, 2007
Autoimmune encephalitis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical spectrum (part 2)
1Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. juliane.hiesgen@up.ac.za.
Abstract:
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) represents a growing number of severe autoimmune-inflammatory diseases affecting both the white and grey matter of the brain. In part 1 of this series we focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of this condition, with two illustrative cases. In this part, we will introduce the clinical criteria for AE, particularly for the diagnosis of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, which were developed to facilitate immune treatment in suspected cases before antibody results are available. We subsequently discuss the work up, differential diagnosis and treatment options for patients with this disease.
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