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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...

Active versus Passive Immunity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

Vaccination in pregnancy.

Anwar H Nassar¹, Elie Hobeika¹, Dina Chamsy¹

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

|June 7, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pregnant women face higher risks from infectious diseases. This review discusses essential vaccines like influenza, Tdap, and COVID-19, plus future options to protect mothers and newborns.

Keywords:

best practice immunization pregnancy public health recommendations safety vaccination

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Infectious Diseases
Immunology

Background:

Pregnancy alters immune responses, increasing susceptibility to severe infectious diseases.
Influenza and pertussis pose significant risks to maternal and neonatal health.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for updated vaccination strategies in pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current vaccination recommendations for pregnant individuals.
To discuss the rationale and evidence supporting vaccines during pregnancy.
To explore emerging vaccines for perinatal infection prevention.

Main Methods:

Literature review of published studies and guidelines on vaccines in pregnancy.
Analysis of epidemiological data on infectious disease severity in pregnant populations.
Discussion of expert recommendations and clinical trial outcomes.

Main Results:

Influenza and Tdap vaccines are routinely recommended during pregnancy.
COVID-19 vaccination is now recommended for all pregnant women.
Additional vaccines may be considered for high-risk individuals based on risk-benefit analysis.

Conclusions:

Vaccination is a critical tool for protecting pregnant individuals and their infants from infectious diseases.
Ongoing research and development promise new vaccines to further reduce perinatal mortality.
Evidence-based recommendations guide the safe and effective use of vaccines throughout pregnancy.