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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Stem cell-derived exosomes for dentin-pulp complex regeneration: a mini-review.

Dina A Hammouda1, Alaa M Mansour1, Mahmoud A Saeed2

  • 1Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

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|June 7, 2023
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Exosomes show promise for regenerating the dentin-pulp complex (DPC). These extracellular vesicles promote cell growth, blood vessel formation, and immune modulation, aiding tissue repair in dental applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The dentin-pulp complex (DPC) has limited self-repair capabilities.
  • Regenerative strategies are crucial for treating DPC injuries.
  • Exosomes, as key mediators of intercellular communication, are emerging as potent therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on exosome applications in DPC regeneration.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which exosomes promote DPC repair.
  • To assess the potential of exosomes as a therapeutic tool for DPC regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed and Scopus databases.
  • Articles published between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2023, were included.
  • Findings from in vitro and in vivo studies were synthesized.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes enhance mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and migration via specific signaling pathways (MAPK, Wnt).
  • Exosomes exhibit proangiogenic effects, promoting endothelial cell activity and neovascularization.
  • Exosomes modulate immune responses, facilitating M2 macrophage polarization and Treg cell conversion.
  • In vivo studies demonstrate exosome-induced regeneration of dentin-pulp-like tissue, particularly those isolated under odontogenic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are potent regulators of cellular processes vital for DPC regeneration.
  • Odontogenically isolated exosomes show enhanced regenerative capacity.
  • Exosomes represent a promising therapeutic avenue for dentin-pulp complex regeneration, applicable to both minor exposures and whole-pulp regeneration.