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Related Concept Videos

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

19.9K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

70.0K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
70.0K
States of Water01:23

States of Water

56.1K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
56.1K
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

822
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports
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Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

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Hydration solids.

Steven G Harrellson1, Michael S DeLay2, Xi Chen2,3

  • 1Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Nature
|June 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological matter

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Hygroscopic biological materials, found in plants, fungi, and bacteria, constitute a significant portion of Earth's biomass.
  • These materials, though metabolically inert, respond to environmental water, influencing movement and inspiring technological applications.
  • Despite diverse compositions, these materials share similar mechanical responses to changes in relative humidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hygroscopic and mechanical behaviors of bacterial spores using atomic force microscopy.
  • To develop a theoretical framework explaining the water-responsive mechanical properties of these biological materials.
  • To identify the underlying physical principles governing the macroscopic properties of hygroscopic biological matter.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to measure the mechanical properties of bacterial spores.
  • A theoretical model was developed based on the hydration force to explain observed behaviors.
  • Experimental data was compared with theoretical predictions for equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions.

Main Results:

  • The study identified the hydration force as the key factor controlling the mechanical behaviors of hygroscopic bacterial spores.
  • A theory was established that accurately predicts nonlinear elasticity and a unique mechanical transition in spores.
  • An extreme slowdown in water transport within the spores was observed and explained by the hydration force theory.

Conclusions:

  • Water, via the hydration force, can dictate macroscopic properties of biological matter, leading to a novel 'hydration solid' state.
  • Bacterial spores exhibit unique mechanical properties governed by hydration, distinct from glassy or poroelastic materials.
  • A substantial fraction of Earth's biomass may be classified as this distinct 'hydration solid' material.