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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Color and NICU Design.

Mardelle McCuskey Shepley1, Rebecca L Ames1, Connie Y Lin1

  • 1Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

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|June 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Color in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) impacts health outcomes. This review summarizes research and proposes evidence-based standards for color use in NICU design to improve infant, family, and staff well-being.

Keywords:
colordesigndesign researchfamiliesinfantsneonatal intensive care unit (NICU)staffsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Design
  • Environmental Psychology
  • Neonatal Care

Background:

  • Limited research exists on color's impact in healthcare settings.
  • Challenges include research protocol design and parameter setting for color studies.
  • Simultaneous consideration of infants, families, and caregivers complicates research.

Conclusions:

  • Five key topics emerged: palette flexibility, use of primary colors (blue, red, yellow), and the interplay of light and color.
  • Further research is needed to establish definitive standards for color in NICUs.
  • Recommendations for color use should be evidence-based to optimize NICU environments.