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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants
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An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

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Exercise improves subchondral bone microenvironment through regulating bone-cartilage crosstalk.

Shihua Zhang1,2, Tingting Li1, Yao Feng2

  • 1School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|June 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Regular exercise can improve the joint’s subchondral bone microenvironment, potentially preventing and treating osteoarthritis. This review explores how exercise-mediated bone-cartilage crosstalk influences this environment, offering insights into degenerative bone diseases.

Keywords:
bonebone-cartilage crosstalkexercisemechanical stressosteoarthritis

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Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants
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Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Articular cartilage degeneration is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent joint disease causing pain and reduced quality of life.
  • OA development is linked to disruptions in the subchondral bone microenvironment.
  • Understanding the bone-cartilage interface is crucial for maintaining joint homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of exercise on the subchondral bone microenvironment.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of exercise-mediated bone-cartilage crosstalk in OA.
  • To provide a theoretical foundation for preventing and treating degenerative bone diseases through exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on biomechanical and biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of exercise on the subchondral bone microenvironment.
  • Synthesis of current research on exercise's role in OA pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Exercise positively influences the subchondral bone microenvironment.
  • Biomechanical and biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage plays a key role in exercise's effects.
  • Exercise can modulate factors contributing to OA development.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise is a critical factor in maintaining subchondral bone health and preventing OA.
  • Targeting bone-cartilage crosstalk offers a promising therapeutic strategy for OA.
  • Further research into exercise mechanisms can guide OA prevention and treatment.