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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction01:17

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

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Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary alcohols.
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
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Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids01:24

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids

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Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a controlled reduction, instead causing the generated aldehyde to instantly over-reduce to a primary alcohol.
Reducing carboxylic acid derivatives like acyl chlorides (RCOCl), esters (RCO2R′), and nitriles (RCN) using milder aluminum hydride agents like lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride [LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3] and diisobutylaluminum hydride [DIBAL-H]...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Electrolytic reduction of CrF

Nan Ji1, Fangling Jiang2, Hao Peng1

  • 1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 PR China penghao@sinap.ac.cn +86 021 39194053 +86 021 39194053.

RSC Advances
|June 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates the electroextraction of chromium from molten salts. Chromium was effectively removed from FLiNaK-CrF3 and deposited from FLiNaK-Cr2O3-ZrF4 systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Molten Salt Chemistry

Background:

  • Chromium extraction from molten salts is crucial for various industrial applications.
  • Understanding chromium's electrochemical behavior in fluoride melts is essential for efficient processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrochemical behavior and solubility of chromium species in FLiNaK molten salt.
  • To establish feasible methods for chromium electroextraction from CrF3 and Cr2O3 in molten salt systems.

Main Methods:

  • Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to study Cr3+ behavior and Cr2O3 solubility.
  • Potentiostatic electrolysis was performed on tungsten and nickel electrodes.
  • ICP-OES, SEM-EDS, and XRD were employed for material characterization.

Main Results:

  • Cr3+ was effectively removed from FLiNaK-CrF3 via electrolysis.
  • ZrF4 addition significantly enhanced Cr2O3 solubility in FLiNaK.
  • A 20 μm chromium metal layer was deposited from the FLiNaK-Cr2O3-ZrF4 system.

Conclusions:

  • The electroextraction of chromium from FLiNaK-CrF3 and FLiNaK-Cr2O3-ZrF4 systems is feasible.
  • Electrolysis offers a viable route for chromium recovery and deposition from molten salts.