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Which Entrustment-Supervision Scale is Right for Pharmacy Education?

Jennie B Jarrett1, Abigail T Elmes1, Alan Schwartz2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA.

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Summary

This study evaluates entrustment-supervision (ES) scales for assessing learners in pharmacy education using Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). A 5-level ES scale with prospective assessment and detailed lower levels is recommended for better learner evaluation.

Keywords:
Competency-based educationEntrustable professional activitiesEntrustment-supervision scalesWorkplace-based assessments

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Pharmacy Education
  • Competency-Based Education

Background:

  • Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are key to competency-based education, focusing on workplace-based assessments.
  • Learner performance in EPAs is evaluated by entrustment and supervision levels, not traditional grades.
  • Entrustment-Supervision (ES) scales track learner progress and guide development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critique existing ES tools for EPA frameworks in health professions education.
  • To identify the most suitable ES tools for pharmacy education.
  • To guide the selection of effective ES scales for academic institutions.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critique of various ES scales used in health professions education.
  • Analysis of ES scale advantages and disadvantages within an EPA context.
  • Evaluation of ES scales for suitability in pharmacy workplace-based settings.

Main Results:

  • No single ES scale is universally optimal; suitability depends on institutional context.
  • A 5-level ES scale with prospective assessment is identified as a strong candidate.
  • Increased stratification at lower levels of ES scales is beneficial for detailed learner feedback.

Conclusions:

  • The Academy should recommend a specific ES scale for pharmacy education.
  • This recommended ES scale should be used for both formative and summative assessments.
  • Implementing a well-suited ES scale enhances assessment validity and supports lifelong learning for pharmacy learners and faculty.