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Implanted Electrodes for Functional Electrical Stimulation to Restore Upper and Lower Extremity Function: History and
Joel E Pellot-Cestero1,2, Eric Z Herring1,2, Emily L Graczyk1,3,4
1Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland , Ohio , USA.
Neurosurgery
|June 8, 2023
Summary
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) offers potential for paralyzed individuals by activating nerves and muscles. Despite experimental success, widespread clinical use of FES technology remains a challenge.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering
- Rehabilitation Technology
Background:
- Functional electrical stimulation (FES) aims to restore function in paralyzed limbs due to neurological conditions.
- Upper motor neuron dysfunction presents a significant challenge in neurological disease and injury recovery.
Approach:
- Reviewing the historical development of FES techniques, including muscle, nerve, and hybrid electrode constructs.
- Examining various electrical stimulation methods for inducing functional movements.
Key Points:
- Decades of experimental success show clear functional improvements for individuals with paralysis.
- Technological advancements have yielded diverse FES methods.
- Widespread clinical translation of FES technology is yet to be achieved.
Conclusions:
- FES technology holds significant promise for improving outcomes in neurological conditions.
- Future directions in FES evolution are crucial for clinical adoption.
- Bridging the gap between experimental success and clinical application is essential.
