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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth
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Growth of

Qi Zou1, Huijuan Dong2, John E Cronan1,2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

Msphere
|June 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enterococcus faecalis PlsX is crucial for phospholipid synthesis. Suppressor mutations, like truncated FabO, restore growth by increasing saturated fatty acids, essential for cell membrane phospholipids.

Keywords:
growthphospholipid synthesissaturated fatty acidssn1-positionsuppressor

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Enterococcus faecalis acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) phosphate acyltransferase PlsX is vital for phospholipid synthesis and incorporating external fatty acids.
  • Loss of PlsX severely impairs growth by disrupting de novo phospholipid synthesis, leading to abnormal acyl chain lengths in cell membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which suppressor mutations restore growth in Enterococcus faecalis lacking PlsX.
  • To identify the specific enzymes and pathways involved in compensating for PlsX deficiency in phospholipid synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of Enterococcus faecalis ∆plsX suppressor mutants.
  • Biochemical characterization of thioesterase activity and acyl-ACP synthesis.
  • Analysis of phospholipid acyl chain composition and positional distribution.

Main Results:

  • A truncated form of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (FabO) restored growth by increasing saturated acyl-ACP synthesis.
  • The thioesterase TesE was identified, which preferentially cleaves unsaturated acyl-ACPs.
  • Overexpression of enoyl-ACP reductases (FabK or FabI) also rescued ∆plsX growth by boosting saturated fatty acid production.
  • Palmitic acid supported better growth and phospholipid synthesis than oleic acid in the ∆plsX strain.
  • Saturated acyl chains were preferentially incorporated at the sn1-position of phospholipids.

Conclusions:

  • High production of saturated acyl-ACPs is essential to overcome the TesE thioesterase's preference for unsaturated acyl-ACPs and enable phospholipid synthesis.
  • Restoration of growth in ∆plsX mutants relies on pathways that increase saturated fatty acid availability for phospholipid biosynthesis.