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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Published on: February 19, 2015

The testing effect for visual materials depends on preexisting knowledge.

Catarina S Ferreira¹, Maria Wimber¹

¹School of Psychology, University of Birmingham.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|June 8, 2023

Summary

Practicing memory recall, known as the testing effect, improves future remembering. This study shows retrieval practice benefits visual memory for meaningful images, especially after a delay, unlike abstract shapes.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Memory Research

Background:

The testing effect, or retrieval practice, enhances future memory recall.
This effect is well-established for verbal materials but less understood for visual stimuli.
Cognitive theories suggest retrieval benefits depend on semantic meaningfulness and pre-existing knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if memory for visual materials benefits from retrieval-mediated learning.
To test if the testing effect is limited to meaningful visual images.
To examine the influence of material type and test format on retrieval benefits for visual memory.

Main Methods:

Four experiments manipulated material type (meaningless shapes vs. meaningful objects) and test format (forced-choice vs. remember/know).
Retrieval practice and restudy were compared as learning conditions.
Memory performance was assessed immediately and after a 1-week delay.

Main Results:

Meaningless abstract shapes showed no significant testing benefit.
Meaningful object images demonstrated a testing effect, particularly after a 1-week delay.
The remember/know recognition test format, probing recollection, enhanced the testing effect for meaningful images.

Conclusions:

Retrieval practice enhances visual memory recollection for meaningful images, aligning with semantic network activation theories.
The benefits of the testing effect for visual memory depend on image meaningfulness and the nature of the memory test.
Findings suggest retrieval strengthens memory by enhancing semantic associations and trace accessibility.