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Molecular Models

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

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An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Membrane Biophysics - Exploring Interactions and Challenges Through Experimental and Computational Approaches

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Quantum simulator to emulate lower-dimensional molecular structure.

E Sierda¹, X Huang¹, D I Badrtdinov¹

¹Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 8, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created artificial atoms and molecules on a surface to simulate electronic states. This solid-state quantum simulator platform precisely maps molecular orbitals and atomic structures.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Simulation
Materials Science

Background:

Bottom-up quantum simulators are crucial for understanding electronic states of matter.
Previous simulators often involve complex setups or specific materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a novel solid-state quantum simulator for emulating molecular orbitals.
To utilize individual cesium atoms on indium antimonide for creating artificial atoms and molecules.

Main Methods:

Positioning individual cesium atoms on an indium antimonide surface.
Employing scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy.
Performing ab initio calculations to analyze the system.

Main Results:

Artificial atoms were successfully created from localized states within patterned cesium rings.
These artificial atoms were used as building blocks for artificial molecular structures with varying orbital symmetries.
Simulated two-dimensional structures mimicked organic molecules, revealing molecular orbitals.

Conclusions:

This platform enables the creation of artificial molecular structures with controllable orbital symmetries.
It offers submolecular precision for studying the interplay between atomic structure and molecular orbitals.
The solid-state quantum simulator provides a versatile tool for fundamental condensed matter research.