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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The Fossil Record02:56

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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains
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Ancient DNA: the past for the future.

Ningbo Chen1, Artem Nedoluzhko2

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Recent advances in ancient DNA (aDNA) sequencing and lab techniques enable large-scale research. This technology promises to deepen our understanding of evolutionary history across diverse species.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleogenomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Significant progress in ancient DNA (aDNA) extraction and sequencing technologies over the past decade.
  • Development of refined laboratory protocols facilitating high-throughput ancient DNA analysis.

Discussion:

  • The application of advanced aDNA techniques has revolutionized multiple scientific domains.
  • Enabling large-scale research initiatives previously unattainable.

Key Insights:

  • Ancient DNA analysis is a powerful tool for reconstructing evolutionary histories.
  • Technological advancements are democratizing access to ancient genomic data.

Outlook:

  • Future research directions include refining our understanding of human evolution.
  • Expanding insights into the evolutionary trajectories of non-human animals, plants, and microorganisms.
  • Potential for novel discoveries in invertebrate paleogenomics.