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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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"Trained Immunity" from

Samer Singh1, Dhiraj Kishore2, Rakesh K Singh3

  • 1Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood BCG vaccination may protect against leukemia. Exposure to Mycobacterium spp. in vaccinated children correlates with lower leukemia incidence, suggesting a role for trained immunity.

Keywords:
BCG vaccineDTP3MCV2Mycobacterium spp.PCV3childhood leukemiachildhood vaccinationstrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Childhood leukemia incidence (LI) preventive factors are largely unknown.
  • Previous studies on childhood vaccinations, particularly BCG, as protective against LI have yielded conflicting results.
  • A unifying framework to explain variable outcomes in past research is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between childhood vaccination coverage and early childhood leukemia incidence in European countries.
  • To explore the potential protective role of BCG vaccination and Mycobacterium spp. exposure in childhood LI.
  • To examine the influence of trained immunity in the context of childhood leukemia.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2020 European data on early childhood LI and childhood vaccination coverage.
  • Correlation analysis between LI in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated populations and Mycobacterium spp. exposure (tuberculin immunoreactivity).
  • Examination of associations between LI and other vaccinations (MCV2, PCV3, DTP3).

Main Results:

  • A strong negative correlation was observed between LI in 0-4-year-olds in countries with >90% BCG coverage and tuberculin immunoreactivity (r(24): -0.7868, p-value: < 0.0001).
  • No significant correlation was found for LI in unvaccinated populations, though weak associations were noted for other vaccines.
  • BCG vaccination coverage showed negative covariation with Mycobacterium spp. exposure in vaccinated children.

Conclusions:

  • Early childhood BCG vaccination, potentially augmented by Mycobacterium spp. exposure, may confer protection against childhood leukemia through trained immunity.
  • The concept of trained immunity may explain discrepancies in previous research on BCG and childhood LI.
  • Further research in high-burden countries, controlling for trained immunity and confounders, is needed to confirm the role of BCG vaccination in preventing childhood LI.