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Related Concept Videos

The ABO Blood Group01:12

The ABO Blood Group

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The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
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Proteobacteria, one of the largest and most diverse bacterial phyla, encompasses a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria distinguished by their outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides. These microorganisms exhibit various metabolic capabilities, including phototrophy, chemolithotrophy, and heterotrophy, and thrive in diverse environments from soil to aquatic systems and host-associated niches. The phylum is divided into six classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria,...
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Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes01:27

Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes

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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
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The phylum Bacteroidota includes over 700 species classified into four primary orders: Bacteroidales, Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales. These gram-negative, non-sporulating rods exhibit saccharolytic capabilities and can be aerobic or fermentative, encompassing obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, and obligate anaerobes. Many species display gliding motility, though some are nonmotile or use flagella. The genus Bacteroides is well-studied due to its significant role in...
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Diversity of Protists I

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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization
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A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Published on: November 16, 2016

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Group B

Kathyayini P Gopalakrishna, Gideon H Hillebrand, Venkata H Bhavana

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 9, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Group B Streptococcus Cas9 influences bacterial transcription through non-specific DNA binding, not DNA cleavage. This finding aids in developing targeted gene suppression tools for studying GBS.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Genetics
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a significant pathogen causing severe infections in neonates and adults.
    • GBS harbors a type II-A CRISPR-Cas9 system, traditionally known for foreign DNA defense.
    • Emerging evidence suggests GBS Cas9 impacts genome-wide transcription independently of its endonuclease activity.

    Approach:

    • Generated isogenic GBS variants: full deletion (Δcas9), catalytically inactive (dCas9), and DNA-binding defective (scas9).
    • Utilized whole-genome RNA-sequencing to compare transcriptional profiles across variants.
    • Investigated the role of non-specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) binding in Cas9-mediated transcriptional effects.

    Key Points:

    • Non-specific PAM binding by GBS Cas9, rather than DNA cleavage, drives genome-wide transcriptional changes.
    • Cas9-associated transcriptional effects primarily impact genes involved in bacterial defense and metabolic pathways.
    • Despite detectable transcriptional modulation, GBS Cas9 activity did not alter virulence in a murine sepsis model.
    • Catalytically inactive dCas9, combined with a plasmid-based sgRNA system, enables targeted gene silencing in GBS without off-target effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonspecific DNA binding is a key mechanism for GBS Cas9's influence on transcription.
    • The dCas9 system offers a precise tool for functional genomics studies in GBS.
    • This research provides a foundation for exploring essential and nonessential gene functions in GBS pathogenesis.