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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Multivalent coiled-coil interactions enable full-scale centrosome assembly and strength.

Manolo U Rios, Małgorzata A Bagnucka, Bryan D Ryder

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 9, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    The study reveals how SPD-5 protein interactions build the pericentriolar material (PCM) scaffold, enabling centrosomes to withstand microtubule forces during cell division.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Centrosomes organize microtubules, crucial for cell division.
    • The pericentriolar material (PCM) scaffold provides structural integrity to centrosomes.
    • Molecular mechanisms of PCM assembly and force resistance are poorly understood.

    Approach:

    • Cross-linking mass spectrometry identified interactions in SPD-5, the main PCM scaffold protein.
    • Investigated the role of phosphorylation by PLK-1 on SPD-5 interactions.
    • Studied the impact of mutations in SPD-5 interacting regions on PCM assembly and mechanical properties.

    Key Points:

    • SPD-5 interactions are concentrated in coiled-coil regions, particularly the phospho-regulated region (PReM).
    • PLK-1 phosphorylation promotes coiled-coil interactions and reduces contacts in disordered regions.
    • Mutations affecting these interactions impair PCM assembly and mechanical strength.

    Conclusions:

    • PCM assembly and mechanical strength are interdependent.
    • Multivalent interactions within SPD-5 coiled-coils form the PCM scaffold.
    • This structure provides the necessary strength to resist microtubule-generated forces during cell division.