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Explicit Memories

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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
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Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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[Verbal Episodic Memory Test].

Mihály Racsmány1,2,3,4, Péter Pajkossy1,2, László Szandra2,5

  • 1Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, Természettudományi Kar, Kognitív Tudományi Tanszék, Budapest.

Ideggyogyaszati Szemle
|June 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Verbal Episodic Memory Test (VEMT) offers a standardized Hungarian assessment for early detection of cognitive decline. This test aids in evaluating memory functions crucial for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment and dementia.

Keywords:
dementiaepisodic memorymemory dys- functionsneuropsycholo- gical test

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Context:

  • Episodic memory decline is an early indicator of mild cognitive impairment and dementia.
  • A need exists for a standardized Hungarian episodic memory test accounting for linguistic nuances.

Purpose:

  • To introduce the structure and standardized application of the Verbal Episodic Memory Test (VEMT).
  • To provide normative data for the VEMT in Hungary based on 385 participants.

Summary:

  • The VEMT comprehensively assesses verbal learning and list learning abilities.
  • The test is sensitive to demographic factors like age, correlating with episodic memory performance.
  • Open access to the VEMT and its normative scores is provided.

Impact:

  • The VEMT facilitates the analysis of learning curves, interference effects, and recall differences.
  • It differentiates memory encoding types (phonological, semantic, episodic) and measures sequence reconstruction.
  • The test aids in assessing forgetting rates, recognition abilities, and hippocampus-dependent functions like pattern separation.