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Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids
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Extracellular vesicles arising from apoptosis: forms, functions, and applications.

Christopher D Gregory1, Michael P Rimmer2

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from dying cells, known as apoptotic EVs (ApoEVs), transfer diverse cargoes. This review highlights their varied biogenesis, functions in health and disease, and potential clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring biological material.
  • EVs encompass microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic EVs (ApoEVs), differing in biogenesis and origin.
  • ApoEVs, derived from cells undergoing apoptosis, are increasingly recognized for their diverse cargoes and functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the formation, cargoes, and functions of ApoEVs.
  • To explore the biogenesis pathways and interaction mechanisms of ApoEVs.
  • To discuss the role of ApoEVs in physiological and pathological processes, including potential clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on extracellular vesicles, focusing on ApoEVs.
  • Analysis of data regarding ApoEV cargo diversity (nucleic acids, proteins, organelles).
  • Examination of evidence for ApoEVs' biogenesis pathways and recipient cell interactions.

Main Results:

  • ApoEVs exhibit substantial diversity in luminal and surface membrane cargoes.
  • ApoEVs originate through pathways resembling both microvesicle and exosome biogenesis.
  • ApoEVs modulate inflammatory, immunological, and cell fate programs in various conditions.

Conclusions:

  • ApoEVs represent a distinct class of extracellular vesicles with significant functional roles.
  • Their broad size range and diverse cargoes suggest complex biogenesis and interaction mechanisms.
  • ApoEVs hold promise for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis.