Temperature-Induced Nanostructure Transition for Supramolecular Gelation in Water

Thermogel is an injectable biomaterial that functions at body temperatures due to the ease of the sol-to-gel transition. However, most conventional physically cross-linked thermogels generally have relatively low stiffness, which limits various biomedical applications, particularly for stem-cell-based studies. While chemical cross-linking through double-network (DN) structures can increase the stiffness of the hydrogel, they generally lack injectable and thermoresponsive properties due to strong covalent bonds between molecules. To address this challenge, we have developed a temperature-induced nanostructure transition (TINT) system for preparing physical DN supramolecular hydrogels. These hydrogels possess injectable, thermoreversible characteristics and relatively high storage modulus (G'), which increases ∼14-fold from 20 to 37 °C (body temperature). Our bottom-up strategy is based on the co-assembly of aromatic peptide (Ben-FF) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to form a thermogel at 37 °C through a nanofiber dissociation pathway that differs from the well-known micelle aggregation or polymer shrinkage mechanisms. Peptide molecules form helical packing and weak, noncovalent interactions with PEG, resulting in co-assembled metastable nanofibers. Thermal perturbation initiates lateral dissociation of nanofibers into extensively cross-linked DN nanostructures and subsequent hydrogelation (ΔG = -13.32 kJ/mol). The TINT hydrogel is nontoxic to human mesenchymal stem cells and supports enhanced cell adhesion, suggesting the potential of this strategy in the applications of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.