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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Topological Fracton Quantum Phase Transitions by Tuning Exact Tensor Network States.

Guo-Yi Zhu¹, Ji-Yao Chen^2,3, Peng Ye^2,4

¹Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|June 9, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied Z_N fracton models using tensor networks, revealing new quantum phase transitions. These transitions, including continuous ones beyond standard theories, offer insights into quantum entanglement and topological order.

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Area of Science:

Quantum Many-Body Physics
Condensed Matter Theory
Topological Phases of Matter

Background:

Gapped fracton phases generalize topological order and entanglement in quantum systems.
Describing these phases analytically or numerically is challenging.
The X-cube model is a prototypical example of fracton phases.

Purpose of the Study:

To study a Z_N generalization of the X-cube fracton model.
To investigate quantum phase transitions between distinct topological states.
To explore the behavior of these models in the large N limit.

Main Methods:

Exact 3D quantum tensor-network approach.
Fully tractable wave function deformations.
Mapping quantum states to classical lattice gauge theories and plaquette clock models.
Numerical calculation of entanglement order parameters.

Main Results:

A family of weakly first-order fracton confinement transitions was found for the Z_N model.
These transitions converge to a continuous phase transition beyond the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson paradigm as N approaches infinity.
A line of 3D conformal quantum critical points with critical magnetic flux loop fluctuations was discovered.
In the N→∞ limit, these critical points appear to coexist with a gapless deconfined fracton state.

Conclusions:

The study provides a novel analytical and numerical framework for fracton phases.
Fracton confinement transitions exhibit behavior beyond conventional Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson theory.
The findings reveal new types of quantum critical points and gapless fracton states in 3D.