Evaluation of 3D Printed Burr Hole Simulation Models Using 8 Different Materials

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Neurosurgery Simulation
• Additive Manufacturing

Background:

• Three-dimensional (3D) printing is revolutionizing medical training by creating accessible and cost-effective neurosurgical simulation models.
• Various 3D printing technologies and materials offer diverse capabilities for replicating complex human anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate different 3D printing materials and technologies for their precision in representing the parietal skull region.
• To identify the optimal combination for realistic burr hole simulation in neurosurgical training.

Main Methods:

• Eight materials (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate glycol, White Resin, BoneSTN) were tested across four 3D printing processes (fused filament fabrication, stereolithography, material jetting, selective laser sintering).
• Skull samples were integrated into a CT-derived head model, and five neurosurgeons performed burr hole simulations.
• Evaluated parameters included mechanical drilling, visual appearance, exterior/interior skull fidelity, and overall surgeon feedback.

Main Results:

• Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (fused filament fabrication) and White Resin (stereolithography) emerged as the top-performing materials for skull replication.
• These accessible desktop 3D printing solutions outperformed advanced multimaterial printers in replicating anatomical details.
• Both interior (diploë) and exterior skull structures significantly impacted model rankings.

Conclusions:

• Widely available desktop 3D printers and materials can effectively serve as valuable tools in neurosurgical training.
• Practical simulation using 3D printed models is crucial for enhancing neurosurgical education and skill development.