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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Evaluation01:15

Nursing Evaluation

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The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
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Evaluation of the teaching process enables the nurse to determine if the patient's learning needs were met and if training was effective. If the expected outcomes are not met, the care plan is revised, and additional education or reinforcement is provided. Nurses can ask questions after the session or obtain feedback to assess the patient's understanding of the topic.
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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
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Evaluation of three different

Nidhi Tiwari1, Abhinav Jaimini2, Gaurav Kumar Jain3

  • 1Department of Combat Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation, New Delhi 110054, India; Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India.

Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods
|June 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

99mTc-Sulfur colloid (SC) is a suitable mock-venom agent for studying lymphatic flow in snakebite envenomation models. This radiotracer effectively mimics venom toxin transport and helps evaluate new therapeutic interventions, reducing animal testing.

Keywords:
(99m)Tc-Sulfur colloidLymphatic flow rateLymphoscintigraphyPeripheral snakebite envenomationPreclinical models

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease requiring novel treatments.
  • High molecular weight (HMw) venom toxins enter circulation via the lymphatic system.
  • Modulating lymphatic flow is a key therapeutic strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare 99mTc-Sulfur colloid (SC), 99mTc-Phytate (Phy), and 99mTc-Human serum albumin (HSA) as mock-venom agents.
  • To evaluate their suitability for studying lymphatic flow modulation in snakebite models.
  • To assess the impact of topical Nifedipine/Lidocaine on lymphatic transit.

Main Methods:

  • Lymphoscintigraphy in 72 Sprague Dawley rats.
  • Intradermal injection of radiopharmaceuticals (99mTc-SC, 99mTc-Phy, 99mTc-HSA) as mock-venom.
  • Topical application of Nifedipine/Lidocaine cream in test groups.
  • Dynamic gamma-scintigraphy imaging for 1 hour post-injection.

Main Results:

  • 99mTc-Phy showed minimal lymphatic travel.
  • 99mTc-SC demonstrated significant lymphatic transit and visualization of lymph nodes, with altered movement after Nifedipine/Lidocaine application (P < 0.05).
  • 99mTc-HSA exhibited faster movement with less lymph node visualization and higher liver uptake compared to 99mTc-SC.

Conclusions:

  • 99mTc-SC is a suitable mock-venom agent for studying HMw toxin lymphatic transit.
  • This model aids in evaluating pharmacological interventions for snakebite.
  • The approach can potentially reduce animal sacrifice in early drug development.