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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
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Na

Xinghui Wu1, Lina Yang2, Mingjie Xia1

  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|June 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sodium and potassium ions influence the stability of soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) and mucus interactions in the gut. Higher ion concentrations increase SHP aggregation, impacting nutrient absorption mechanisms in the intestine.

Keywords:
Air/water interfaceIonMucusSoy hull polysaccharideStability

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Mucin and soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) form a stable energy barrier at the air/water interface in intestinal fluid.
  • This barrier is crucial for nutrient absorption and transport within the digestive system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ion concentrations (0.5% and 1.5%) on the energy barrier.
  • To understand the interactions between these ions and microwave-assisted ammonium oxalate-extracted SP (MASP)/mucus in a simulated digestive environment.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of MASP/mucus systems using particle size, zeta potential, interfacial tension, and surface hydrophobicity measurements.
  • Analysis of molecular interactions via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy, microstructure imaging, and shear rheology.
  • In vitro digestive system model to simulate intestinal conditions.

Main Results:

  • Ion-MASP/mucus interactions involve electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds.
  • While the MASP/mucus system destabilizes over 12 hours, ions partially enhance its stability.
  • Increased ion concentration leads to continuous MASP aggregation, with larger aggregates forming above the mucus layer.
  • MASP/mucus adsorption at the interface initially increases then decreases with rising ion concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Ions modulate the stability and aggregation behavior of MASP/mucus systems in the intestine.
  • These findings offer a mechanistic understanding of how MASP functions within the gut environment.
  • The study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing nutrient delivery and absorption strategies involving polysaccharides.