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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

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Emerging Anti-Diabetic Drugs for Beta-Cell Protection in Type 1 Diabetes.

Nida Ajmal1,2, Maislin C Bogart3, Palwasha Khan1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.

Cells
|June 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatments are advancing beyond insulin. This review explores novel non-immunomodulatory drugs targeting beta cells for potential T1D restoration and inflammation suppression.

Keywords:
beta cellshyperglycemiainvestigational new drugstype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing beta cells, leading to hyperglycemia.
  • Current insulin therapy manages blood sugar but doesn't stop T1D progression or restore beta cells.
  • Over 3000 clinical trials exist for T1D, with most focusing on insulin, highlighting a need for alternative therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-insulin pharmacological therapies for Type 1 diabetes.
  • To focus on investigational drugs with direct action on beta cells, beyond immunomodulation.
  • To explore potential treatments for beta-cell restoration and autoimmune response suppression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of non-insulin pharmacological therapies for T1D.
  • Focus on drugs outside the immunomodulator class.
  • Discussion of specific non-immunomodulatory drug candidates.

Main Results:

  • Identified investigational drugs like teplizumab (an immunomodulator) and non-immunomodulators.
  • Highlighted verapamil, GABA, TUDCA, and volagidemab as key non-immunomodulatory candidates.
  • These drugs show potential for direct beta-cell action and inflammation suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Novel non-immunomodulatory drugs offer promising therapeutic avenues for Type 1 diabetes.
  • These agents may facilitate beta-cell restoration and reduce inflammation.
  • Further research into these drugs could lead to treatments that halt T1D progression.