New Biomarkers and Treatment Advances in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Genetics

Background:

• Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subtype with poor prognosis, high invasiveness, and metastatic potential.
• TNBC lacks expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2 amplification, complicating treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the molecular subtypes and pathological aspects of TNBC.
• To highlight key biomarker characteristics, including regulators of proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, DNA damage response, immune checkpoints, and epigenetic modifications.
• To discuss omics approaches and updated neoadjuvant treatments for TNBC.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on molecular and pathological characteristics of TNBC.
• Analysis of biomarker profiles, including cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, DNA damage response, immune checkpoints, and epigenetic modifications.
• Exploration of omics techniques (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics) and current neoadjuvant therapies.

Main Results:

• TNBC exhibits diverse molecular subtypes and critical biomarker profiles.
• Omics approaches provide insights into TNBC-specific mutations, epigenetic alterations, and gene expression patterns.
• Immunotherapy and novel targeted agents represent promising advancements in neoadjuvant treatment strategies for TNBC.

Conclusions:

• Understanding TNBC heterogeneity and biomarkers is crucial for developing effective therapies.
• Omics technologies are vital for unraveling TNBC complexity and identifying therapeutic targets.
• Advancements in neoadjuvant treatments, particularly immunotherapy, offer new hope for improving outcomes in TNBC patients.