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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

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Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions01:15

Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions

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Hydrolysis, a cornerstone of phase I biotransformation reactions, uses water to cleave chemical bonds. This process is pivotal in drug metabolism, generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted.
An important hydrolytic reaction is ester hydrolysis. Ester bonds, often found in prodrugs, are broken down, increasing the solubility of drugs like aspirin and lidocaine for more straightforward elimination. Amide hydrolysis is another critical reaction, targeting amide bonds prevalent...
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Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

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Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel
15:06

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

Published on: January 27, 2014

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Enzymatic Hydrolysis of

Legesse Shiferaw Chewaka1, Chan Soon Park1, Youn-Soo Cha2

  • 1Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuruk extract concentrate (NEC) effectively hydrolyzes mealworm (MW) protein, yielding superior nutritional and functional properties compared to commercial enzymes. This natural alternative shows promise for cost-effective protein enhancement.

Keywords:
Tenebrio molitoralcalaseflavourzymenurukproteaseprotein hydrolysate

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Expression, Purification, Crystallization, and Enzyme Assays of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Domain-Containing Proteins
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Expression, Purification, Crystallization, and Enzyme Assays of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Domain-Containing Proteins

Published on: June 20, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Enzymatic protein hydrolysis enhances dietary protein quality, with a growing need for natural enzyme sources.
  • Edible insects, like mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), are a sustainable protein source.
  • Nuruk extract concentrate (NEC), a traditional fermentation starter, is rich in enzymes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To produce mealworm (MW) protein hydrolysate using NEC.
  • To compare the nutritional, functional, and sensory properties of MW hydrolysate produced by NEC with those from commercial proteases (alcalase and flavourzyme).
  • To evaluate the potential of NEC as a natural alternative to commercial proteases for insect protein hydrolysis.

Main Methods:

  • Defatted mealworm (MW) was hydrolyzed using nuruk extract concentrate (NEC).
  • Protease activities of crude nuruk extract (CNE), NEC, alcalase, and flavourzyme were measured.
  • Nutritional (free amino acids), functional (antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity), and sensory properties of the hydrolysates were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • NEC exhibited high protease activity (12.71 units/mL).
  • MW hydrolysis using NEC resulted in a 15.10% degree of hydrolysis and 35.92% yield.
  • NEC-produced hydrolysate showed significantly higher free amino acid content (90.37 mg/g) and enhanced antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities compared to commercial enzyme hydrolysates.
  • Sensory properties, including umaminess, sweetness, and saltiness, were improved.

Conclusions:

  • Nuruk extract concentrate (NEC) is an effective natural enzyme source for mealworm (MW) protein hydrolysis.
  • NEC-derived MW hydrolysate offers superior nutritional, functional, and sensory benefits over commercial protease-derived hydrolysates.
  • NEC presents a viable, potentially cost-effective alternative to commercial proteases in insect protein processing.