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Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
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Published on: March 6, 2019

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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Ongoing Challenges from Definitions to Clinical Care

Sushma Nuthakki1,2, Kaashif Ahmad1,2, Gloria Johnson1,2

  • 1Pediatrix Neonatology of Houston, Houston, TX 77074, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 10, 2023
PubMed

Insights

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication in extremely premature infants. This review summarizes BPD diagnostic criteria and highlights ongoing challenges in its complex management.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent complication in extremely premature infants.
  • Increased survival rates in neonatology have led to a rise in BPD incidence.
  • BPD results from a multifactorial etiology involving genetic and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current diagnostic criteria for BPD.
  • To provide insight into the challenges of BPD definitions and clinical care.
  • To discuss complexities in data comparison for BPD research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on BPD definitions and management.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria evolution.
  • Synthesis of challenges in clinical implementation and data comparison.

Main Results:

  • Key diagnostic criteria for BPD are presented.
  • Significant challenges persist in defining and comparing BPD cases.
  • Difficulties in implementing consistent clinical care strategies are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) management remains complex despite evolving criteria.
  • Standardizing definitions and improving clinical care implementation are crucial.
  • Further research is needed to address the multifactorial nature of BPD.

Keywords:
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)chronic lung disease (CLD)continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)gestational age (GA)high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC)neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)oxygen (O2)post-menstrual age (PMA)ventilator

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