Plasmon-Enhanced Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction for Higher-Order Hydrocarbon Generation Using Plasmonic Nano-Finger...

The carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising method to both reduce greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations and provide an alternative to fossil fuel by converting water and CO₂ into high-energy-density chemicals. Nevertheless, the CO2RR suffers from high chemical reaction barriers and low selectivity. Here we demonstrate that 4 nm gap plasmonic nano-finger arrays provide a reliable and repeatable plasmon-resonant photocatalyst for multiple-electrons reactions: the CO2RR to generate higher-order hydrocarbons. Electromagnetics simulation shows that hot spots with 10,000 light intensity enhancement can be achieved using nano-gap fingers under a resonant wavelength of 638 nm. From cryogenic ¹H-NMR spectra, formic acid and acetic acid productions are observed with a nano-fingers array sample. After 1 h laser irradiation, we only observe the generation of formic acid in the liquid solution. While increasing the laser irradiation period, we observe both formic and acetic acid in the liquid solution. We also observe that laser irradiation at different wavelengths significantly affected the generation of formic acid and acetic acid. The ratio, 2.29, of the product concentration generated at the resonant wavelength 638 nm and the non-resonant wavelength 405 nm is close to the ratio, 4.93, of the generated hot electrons inside the TiO₂ layer at different wavelengths from the electromagnetics simulation. This shows that product generation is related to the strength of localized electric fields.