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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Low-Cost Electroencephalographic Recording System Combined with a Millimeter-Sized Coil to Transcranially Stimulate the Mouse Brain In Vivo
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Fully 3D-Printed Dry EEG Electrodes.

Adele Tong1, Praneeth Perera1,2, Zhanna Sarsenbayeva1

  • 1School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Fully 3D-printed electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes were fabricated using a conductive filament. These customisable electrodes demonstrate the potential for high-quality brain signal acquisition without post-processing.

Keywords:
3D printingEEGconductive filamentdry electrodes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) records brain activity via scalp electrodes.
  • Advancements enable continuous EEG monitoring with wearables.
  • Existing electrodes lack customisation for diverse user needs and anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of fabricating fully 3D-printed EEG electrodes.
  • To assess the electrical properties and signal acquisition capabilities of customisable 3D-printed electrodes.
  • To explore a low-cost, post-processing-free approach for EEG electrode manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilised a low-cost setup and Multi3D Electrifi conductive filament for 3D printing.
  • Tested electrode contact impedance and phase change against an artificial scalp phantom across various frequencies (20 Hz–10 kHz).
  • Conducted preliminary functional tests monitoring alpha brainwave signals (7–13 Hz) in a participant.

Main Results:

  • Achieved contact impedance below 550 Ω and phase change < -30° for all configurations.
  • Demonstrated minimal contact impedance difference (< 200 Ω) between electrodes with varying pin counts.
  • Successfully identified alpha brain activity in eye-open and eye-closed states using the 3D-printed electrodes.

Conclusions:

  • Fully 3D-printed EEG electrodes can be fabricated using conductive filaments without post-processing.
  • These electrodes exhibit suitable electrical properties for brain signal recording.
  • This technology offers a promising pathway for customisable, high-quality, and accessible EEG electrode solutions.