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Related Concept Videos

Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

10.4K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
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Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Contribution of the Na+/K+ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses
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Evolution of the sodium pump.

Michael Palmgren1

  • 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research
|June 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Electrogenic sodium (Na+) and hydrogen (H+) pumps in plasma membranes evolved in ancient archaea. Eukaryotes later specialized, with animals retaining Na+/K+-ATPases and plants and fungi using H+-ATPases.

Keywords:
ArchaeaEvolutionMethanosarcinaNa(+)/K(+)-ATPasePlasma membrane H(+)-ATPase

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular bioenergetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic plasma membranes utilize electrogenic P-type ATPases for energy generation.
  • Animals use Na+/K+-ATPases, while fungi and plants use PM H+-ATPases.
  • Prokaryotes rely on electron transport complexes for membrane energization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins and diversification of electrogenic Na+ and H+ pumps.
  • To understand why and when these pumps evolved in different life forms.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of Na+/K+-ATPases and PM H+-ATPases across prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • Examination of pump conservation in binding sites and phylogenetic distribution.
  • Hypothesizing evolutionary pathways based on the presence/absence of these pumps in different lineages.

Main Results:

  • Prokaryotic Na+/K+-ATPases show high conservation of ion-binding sites.
  • These pumps are common in methanogenic Archaea, often alongside PM H+-ATPases.
  • Na+/K+-ATPases and PM H+-ATPases are widely distributed in eukaryotes but not found together in animals, fungi, or plants.

Conclusions:

  • Na+/K+-ATPases and PM H+-ATPases likely co-evolved in methanogenic Archaea to support bioenergetics.
  • The first eukaryotic cells probably possessed both pump types.
  • Animals retained Na+/K+-ATPases while losing PM H+-ATPases; fungi lost Na+/K+-ATPases, adopting PM H+-ATPases. Plants followed a similar pattern during terrestrialization.