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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2025

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Code-switching costs from Chinese-English relative clauses processing.

Wanying Hu1, Yang Zhao2

  • 1College of International Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Code-switching during syntactic processing incurs costs in Chinese-English bilinguals. This study confirms syntactic processing as a source of code-switching costs, particularly in relative clause comprehension.

Keywords:
Chinese-English bilingualbilingualismcode-switching costrelative clausesyntactic processing

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Bilingualism Research
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Code-switching is prevalent among bilinguals, but the cognitive costs associated with it remain debated.
  • Understanding the source of these costs is crucial for theories of language processing in bilingual individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This study investigates whether code-switching during syntactic processing incurs a measurable cost in Chinese-English bilinguals.
  • The research aims to identify the specific linguistic mechanisms responsible for these processing costs.

Main Methods:

  • The study employed acceptability judgment tests and self-paced reading experiments with Chinese-English and English-Chinese bilinguals.
  • Relative clauses in object and subject positions were used to examine syntactic processing during code-switching.

Main Results:

  • Statistical analysis revealed significant code-switching costs during syntactic processing, specifically linked to head movement in relative clause comprehension.
  • These findings provide empirical evidence for processing costs associated with language mixing.

Conclusions:

  • Syntactic processing is confirmed as a primary source of code-switching costs in bilingual language use.
  • The results align with predictions from the 4-Morpheme Model and the Matrix Language Framework, and support the Dependency Locality Theory regarding structural dependencies in processing.