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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

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Nasal vaccines for pertussis.

Pauline Schmitt¹, Lisa Borkner¹, Seyed Davoud Jazayeri¹

¹Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Current Opinion in Immunology

|June 12, 2023

Summary

Current whooping cough vaccines prevent severe illness but not nasal infection, allowing disease spread. Next-generation vaccines aim to induce nasal immunity for better protection against Bordetella pertussis.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology
Microbiology

Background:

Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains a significant global health concern.
Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines protect against severe disease but fail to prevent nasal infection and asymptomatic transmission.
aP vaccines do not induce protective mucosal immunity, specifically secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IL-17-secreting T_RM cells, in the nasal passages.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the limitations of current acellular pertussis vaccines.
To identify the immunological correlates of protective mucosal immunity against Bordetella pertussis.
To explore the potential of next-generation vaccines for inducing sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal mucosa.

Main Methods:

Review of existing studies on Bordetella pertussis infection and acellular pertussis vaccine efficacy.
Analysis of immune responses induced by natural infection versus aP vaccination in animal models.
Evaluation of novel vaccine strategies, including live-attenuated vaccines and adjuvanted aP vaccines, for their potential to induce respiratory IgA and T_RM cells.

Main Results:

Accllular pertussis vaccines induce circulating IgG but not the necessary mucosal IgA or IL-17-secreting T_RM cells in the nasal mucosa.
Natural Bordetella pertussis infection elicits stronger mucosal immune responses compared to aP vaccination.
Animal models suggest that nasal delivery of next-generation vaccines can induce protective respiratory IgA and T_RM cell responses.

Conclusions:

Current acellular pertussis vaccines are insufficient for preventing nasal colonization and transmission.
Induction of mucosal immunity, particularly secretory IgA and tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells, is crucial for sterilizing immunity against Bordetella pertussis.
Next-generation vaccines, potentially delivered nasally, hold promise for achieving comprehensive protection against whooping cough by inducing robust mucosal immunity.