Sex differences in emotion recognition: investigating the moderating effects of stimulus features

Emotion recognition - a prerequisite for social interactions - varies among individuals. Sex differences have been proposed as a central source of individual differences, although the existing evidence is rather heterogeneous. In the current study (N = 426), we investigated the potential moderating effects of stimulus features, including modality, emotion specificity, and the sex of the encoder (referring to the sex of the actor) on the magnitude of sex differences in emotion recognition. Our findings replicated women's overall better emotion recognition, particularly evident for negative expressions (fear and anger) compared to men. This outperformance was observed across all modalities, with the largest differences for audiovisually expressed emotions, while the sex of the encoder had no impact. Given our findings, future studies should consider these and other potential moderator variables to better estimate sex differences.