Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Psychedelics relax predictive processing in the post-acute period by remodeling cortico-cortical feedback circuits.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

A Key Regulator of Dendritic Morphology in Supragranular Neocortex Impacts Mismatch Negativity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Global context rapidly shapes sensory responses in V1.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Cortical deviance detection represents a canonical difference signal.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Mismatch negativity develops in adolescence and independently of microglia.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Duet model unifies diverse neuroscience experimental findings on predictive coding.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Spatiotemporal dynamics across visual cortical laminae support a predictive coding framework for interpreting

Connor G Gallimore¹, David A Ricci¹, Jordan P Hamm^1,2,3

¹Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|June 13, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Deviance detection (DD), or mismatch negativity (MMN), emerges later in supragranular layers (L2/3) of the visual cortex. This neural response to unexpected stimuli involves specific brain oscillations and supports predictive coding models.

Keywords:

mismatch negativity oddball oscillations prediction error schizophrenia

More Related Videos

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Published on: September 8, 2011

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Published on: September 8, 2011

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Sensory Processing

Background:

Neocortical processing of sensory data is modulated by context.
Unexpected visual stimuli trigger deviance detection (DD) in primary visual cortex (V1), analogous to mismatch negativity (MMN) in EEG.
The precise emergence of visual DD/MMN across cortical layers and its relation to brain oscillations remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the emergence of visual deviance detection (DD) across cortical layers.
To determine the temporal dynamics of DD in relation to stimulus onset and brain oscillations.
To elucidate the microcircuit-level dynamics of the oddball paradigm in V1.

Main Methods:

Utilized a visual oddball sequence paradigm in awake mice.
Recorded local field potentials in V1 using 16-channel multielectrode arrays.
Analyzed multiunit activity and current source density profiles to map neural responses across cortical layers.

Main Results:

Basic adaptation to stimuli occurred early (50 ms) in layer 4.
Deviance detection (DD) emerged later (150-230 ms) in supragranular layers (L2/3).
DD correlated with increased delta/theta and high-gamma oscillations in L2/3 and decreased beta oscillations in L1.

Conclusions:

Clarified neocortical dynamics during the oddball paradigm at a microcircuit level.
Results align with predictive coding frameworks, suggesting feedback circuits (L1) mediate predictive suppression and feed-forward streams (L2/3) signal prediction errors.
Provides insights into the neural basis of deviance detection and its potential implications for understanding neuropsychiatric conditions.