Self-Illuminating NIR-II Chemiluminescence Nanosensor for In Vivo Tracking H₂ O₂ Fluctuation

Chemiluminescence (CL) imaging, as an excitation-free technique, exhibits a markedly improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) owing to the absence of an excitation light source and autofluorescence interference. However, conventional chemiluminescence imaging generally focuses on the visible and first near-infrared (NIR-I) regions, which hinders high-performance biological imaging due to strong tissue scattering and absorption. To address the issue, self-luminescent NIR-II CL nanoprobes with a second near-infrared (NIR-II) luminescence in the presence of hydrogen peroxide are rationally designed. A cascade energy transfer, including chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) from the chemiluminescent substrate to NIR-I organic molecules and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from NIR-I organic molecules to NIR-II organic molecules, occurs in the nanoprobes, contributing to NIR-II light with great efficiency and good tissue penetration depth. Based on excellent selectivity, high sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, and long-lasting luminescence performance, the NIR-II CL nanoprobes are applied to detect inflammation in mice, showing a 7.4-fold enhancement in SNR compared with that of fluorescence.