Wildfire-Derived Nitrogen Aerosols Threaten the Fragile Ecosystem in Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau

Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP) is important for global biodiversity and regional sustainable development. While numerous studies have revealed that the ecosystem in this unique and pristine region is changing, their exact causes are still poorly understood. Here, we present a year-round (23 March 2017 to 19 March 2018) ground- and satellite-based atmospheric observation at the Qomolangma monitoring station (QOMS, 4276 m a.s.l.). Based on a comprehensive chemical and stable isotope (¹⁵N) analysis of nitrogen compounds and satellite observations, we provide unequivocal evidence that wildfire emissions in South Asia can come across the Himalayas and threaten the HTP's ecosystem. Such wildfire episodes, mostly occurring in spring (March-April), not only substantially enhanced the aerosol nitrogen concentration but also altered its composition (i.e., rendering it more bioavailable). We estimated a nitrogen deposition flux at QOMS of ∼10 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1, which is approximately twice the lower value of the critical load range reported for the Alpine ecosystem. Such adverse impact is particularly concerning, given the anticipated increase of wildfire activities in the future under climate change.