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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Effect of Sevoflurane and Isoflurane on Post-Anaesthesia Cognitive Dysfunction in Normal and Type II Diabetic Rats.

E Abdelkareem¹, E M Tayee², A M Taha²

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.

Archives of Razi Institute

|June 14, 2023

Summary

Inhalational anesthetics like isoflurane and sevoflurane can cause cognitive dysfunction, especially in diabetic rats. Diabetes exacerbates this impairment, affecting memory and behavior post-anesthesia.

Keywords:

Cognitive dysfunction Diabetes mellitus Isoflurane Sevoflurane

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Anesthesiology
Diabetology

Background:

Inhalational anesthetics are known to cause cognitive and behavioral deficits.
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant concern in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of isoflurane and sevoflurane on cognitive function in normal and diabetic rats.
To assess the role of diabetes in exacerbating anesthetic-induced cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

Sixty male Wister rats were divided into control, diabetic control, sevoflurane, isoflurane, diabetic sevoflurane, and diabetic isoflurane groups.
Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) injection.
Cognitive function was evaluated using the Morris water maze, T maze, and open field arena one week after a 2-hour anesthesia exposure.
Hippocampal caspase-3 activity was measured via Western blot.

Main Results:

Isoflurane anesthesia in normoglycemic rats led to deficits in long-term/reference and non-spatial working memory.
Both isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in diabetic rats significantly impaired long-term/reference memory, non-spatial working memory, and exploratory activity.
Diabetic rats showed significantly increased hippocampal caspase-3 activity post-anesthesia compared to controls.
Diabetes significantly worsened post-anesthetic cognitive dysfunction in all assessed domains.

Conclusions:

Inhalational anesthetics, particularly isoflurane, can induce cognitive dysfunction in normal rats.
Diabetes significantly exacerbates anesthetic-induced cognitive and behavioral impairments.
Anesthetic agents may increase hippocampal caspase-3 activity, contributing to cognitive deficits in diabetic individuals.