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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

230
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
230
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

443
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
443
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

218
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
218
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

472
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
472
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

351
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
351
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

435
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
435

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Seizure in geriatric population - An unheeded integer.

Namitha Narayanan1, Shivamalarvizhi Selvaraj2, Abdulmuthalif Mohamedkalifa1

  • 1Department of General Medicine, Govt. Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
|June 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New-onset seizures in the elderly are common and often challenging to diagnose. Cerebral vascular accidents and metabolic conditions are leading causes, highlighting the need for awareness of atypical presentations.

Keywords:
CVAGTCSelderlymetabolicseizure

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological condition in the elderly.
  • Age-related factors and aging itself increase seizure risk in older adults.
  • Diagnosis is complicated by non-specific symptoms and lack of witnesses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diverse presentations and underlying causes of seizure disorders in the elderly population.
  • To improve early diagnosis and management strategies for elderly patients with new-onset seizures.

Main Methods:

  • A study included 125 elderly patients (≥60 years) with new-onset seizures.
  • Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, and laboratory tests.
  • Brain imaging (CT, MRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were utilized for diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Seizures were more frequent in males aged 60-70 years.
  • Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were most common, followed by focal seizures.
  • Cerebral vascular accidents, metabolic issues, and alcohol were primary causes; MRI revealed abnormalities in 73% of patients.

Conclusions:

  • Seizures in the elderly present with varied clinical signs and etiologies.
  • Recognizing atypical presentations and causes is crucial for timely diagnosis and reducing morbidity.