Describing proton transfer modes in shared proton systems with constrained nuclear-electronic orbital methods

Proton transfer is crucial in various chemical and biological processes. Because of significant nuclear quantum effects, accurate and efficient description of proton transfer remains a great challenge. In this Communication, we apply constrained nuclear-electronic orbital density functional theory (CNEO-DFT) and constrained nuclear-electronic orbital molecular dynamics (CNEO-MD) to three prototypical shared proton systems and investigate their proton transfer modes. We find that with a good description of nuclear quantum effects, CNEO-DFT and CNEO-MD can well describe the geometries and vibrational spectra of the shared proton systems. Such a good performance is in significant contrast to DFT and DFT-based ab initio molecular dynamics, which often fail for shared proton systems. As an efficient method based on classical simulations, CNEO-MD is promising for future investigations of larger and more complex proton transfer systems.