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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

4.0K
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
4.0K
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

2.2K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry
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Competitive study of homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-like flow-through propoxur oxidation in ROC solution.

Abed-Alhakeem Azaiza1, Raphael Semiat1, Hilla Shemer1

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This study explored Fenton-like oxidation to remove the micro-pollutant propoxur from wastewater concentrate. Heterogeneous ferrihydrite catalysts showed promise, matching homogeneous catalysts under optimal conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Reverse osmosis (RO) is a tertiary wastewater treatment, but managing its concentrate (ROC) remains a challenge.
  • Propoxur (PR) is a micro-pollutant requiring effective removal from reclaimed water.
  • Fenton-like oxidation processes offer potential for degrading recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation for propoxur removal from synthetic ROC.
  • To investigate the performance of a novel amorphous ferrihydrite (Fh) catalyst in a continuous submerged ceramic membrane reactor.
  • To assess the impact of operational parameters and ROC ionic composition on propoxur degradation efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a novel amorphous ferrihydrite (Fh) heterogeneous catalyst.
  • Continuous operation of a submerged ceramic membrane reactor for ROC treatment.
  • Comparison of homogeneous Fe3+ catalysis with heterogeneous Fh catalysis for propoxur oxidation.
  • Analysis of propoxur removal efficiency under varying H2O2, Fh concentrations, and residence times.

Main Results:

  • The ceramic membrane achieved >99.6% rejection of the ferrihydrite catalyst.
  • Homogeneous Fe3+ catalysis showed higher initial propoxur removal efficiency than Fh.
  • Optimized H2O2 and Fh concentrations yielded propoxur removal efficiencies comparable to homogeneous catalysis.
  • Increased residence time enhanced propoxur removal, reaching 87% at 88 minutes.
  • ROC ionic composition exhibited an inhibitory effect on propoxur oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • Heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation using ferrihydrite is a viable option for propoxur removal from ROC.
  • Continuous operation in a membrane reactor demonstrates the practical applicability of this method.
  • Further optimization of catalyst concentration and residence time can enhance treatment efficiency.