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Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
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Amperometry: Overview01:10

Amperometry: Overview

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Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
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Wireless, Multi-Sensor System-on-Chip for pH and Amperometry Powered by Body Heat.

Tzu-Hsuan Chou, Siyuan Yu, Soumya Bose

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |June 15, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a body-heat-powered chip for chemical and biological sensors, enabling low-power, autonomous measurements. It demonstrates efficient pH and glucose monitoring using minimal energy, paving the way for batteryless sensor systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Integrated Circuits
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Energy Harvesting

    Background:

    • Chemical and biological sensors require efficient power solutions for continuous monitoring.
    • Existing sensor systems often rely on batteries, limiting their autonomy and lifespan.
    • Body heat offers a sustainable, ubiquitous energy source for low-power electronics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a body-heat-powered, multi-sensor System-on-Chip (SoC) for chemical and biological sensor measurements.
    • To achieve ultra-low power consumption (<< 10 μW) for sensor readout.
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of batteryless, power-autonomous sensor operation.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a multi-sensor SoC integrating analog front-end interfaces (V-to-I, potentiostat) with a relaxation oscillator (RxO) readout scheme.
    • Incorporated a low-voltage energy harvester compatible with thermoelectric generation.
    • Fabricated a prototype IC in a 0.18 μm CMOS process for proof-of-concept validation.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved maximum power consumption of 2.2 μW for full-range pH measurement, with the RxO consuming only 0.7 μW.
    • Demonstrated high linearity for the readout circuit (R² = 0.999).
    • Successfully performed glucose measurements with 1.4 μW readout power and demonstrated wireless pH data transmission powered by body heat.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed SoC enables efficient, low-power readout for chemical and biological sensors using body heat.
    • This technology supports the development of batteryless and power-autonomous sensor systems.
    • The approach is adaptable for various sensor types, advancing wearable and implantable monitoring solutions.