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Three-dimensional computed tomographic angular measurements of the canine tibia using a bone-centered coordinate

Andreas Brühschwein1, Bronson Schmitz1, Martin Zöllner1

  • 1Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.

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|June 16, 2023
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Summary

This study introduces a new 3D CT technique for accurately measuring canine tibial torsion and varus angles. The method is precise and independent of positioning, offering improved assessment of tibial deformities in dogs.

Keywords:
3D coordinate systemangle measurementangular deformitycomputed tomographydogtibiatorsionvarus

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Radiology
  • Orthopedic Biomechanics
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Canine tibial alignment assessment traditionally relies on 2D measurements, which are challenging for evaluating tibial torsion.
  • Accurate measurement of tibial varus and torsion is crucial for diagnosing and managing orthopedic conditions in dogs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel computed tomography (CT) technique for truly three-dimensional (3D) measurement of canine tibial varus and torsion angles.
  • To ensure the developed CT technique is independent of patient positioning.

Main Methods:

  • A bone-centered 3D Cartesian coordinate system was established on CT scans of canine tibiae.
  • Tibial torsion and varus/valgus angles were calculated using 3D coordinates and geometric definitions.
  • Accuracy was tested using a tibial torsion model, while positioning independence and precision were evaluated using normal tibiae and clinical patient data.

Main Results:

  • The CT technique demonstrated high accuracy in a tibial torsion model (0.2° difference).
  • Measurements were largely independent of tibial positioning (mean differences <1.3°).
  • Excellent precision was observed in clinical patients, with low coefficients of variation for both intra- and inter-observer measurements.

Conclusions:

  • A validated 3D CT method for measuring canine tibial torsion and varus/valgus deformities has been developed.
  • The technique offers accurate and precise angular measurements, independent of patient positioning.
  • This method provides a valuable tool for the assessment of tibial deformities in veterinary orthopedics.