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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Published on: December 4, 2011

Hydroxychloroquine-induced Retinal Toxicity.

Imran H Yusuf¹, Peter Charbel Issa¹, Seong Joon Ahn²

¹Oxford Eye Hospital and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Pharmacology

|June 16, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term hydroxychloroquine use can lead to retinopathy and vision loss. Early detection through screening programs is crucial for patients at risk, improving management and reducing visual impairment.

Keywords:

hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine retinopathy optical coherence tomography retinal imaging retinopathy screening toxicity

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Toxicity Screens in Human Retinal Organoids for Pharmaceutical Discovery

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Published on: March 4, 2021

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Rheumatology
Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

Long-term hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use is associated with retinopathy, potentially causing severe vision loss.
Increased HCQ use and advanced retinal imaging reveal higher-than-expected prevalence of pre-symptomatic toxicity.
Understanding HCQ retinopathy pathophysiology is advancing through clinical imaging studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical background and current understanding of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.
To evaluate diagnostic tests and screening recommendations for HCQ retinopathy.
To outline considerations for defining HCQ retinopathy and managing toxicity.

Main Methods:

Literature review of historical data and current research on HCQ retinopathy.
Analysis of clinical imaging studies to understand disease pathophysiology.
Comparison of current screening guidelines and diagnostic test utility.

Main Results:

Prevalence of HCQ retinopathy is higher than previously estimated due to increased use and improved detection.
Clinical imaging aids in understanding the pathophysiology of HCQ-induced retinal changes.
Current screening recommendations require further evidence for optimal implementation.

Conclusions:

Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy is a significant public health concern necessitating screening programs.
Consensus on defining HCQ retinopathy is needed, informed by its natural history.
Further research is required to refine screening, management, and reduce visual loss risk.